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Critical condition of Struts Apparatus apparatus comprises a sheet metal frame which supports four slender spring steel struts having loading platforms at their top ends.
Critical condition of Struts Apparatus apparatus shows how the buckling mechanism occurs, and the influence of the end restraint. A piece of material in compression is called a strut. If it is short and stubby it will fail by compressive stress, but if it is slender the failure mode is that of buckling. The load at which the strut buckles depends on the way in which the ends are restrained. Built-in ends resist buckling more than ends which are free to move.
Experimental Capablities:
To compare the result with theoretical predictions, such as Euler's formula.
To observe the behaviour of four struts of the same length but with different end constraints when subjected to buckling loads.
Features:
Determination of the gauge factor of strain gauges
Measurement of deflection and strain
Strain gauge application:
2 straingauges on the top and underside of the bar respectively
Full bridge,350 Ohm
Measuringrange: ±2mV/V
Resolution:1µV/V
20mm
Graduation:0,01mm
Zero balancing adjustment range: ±1mV
Supplyvoltage: 10VDC.
Equipment Layout: On Base
Operated: Static
Dimensions: 65 x 25 x 20(h) cm
Net Weight: 8 kg
Gross Weight: 10 kg.
Internal pressure is applied to the diaphragm by a hydraulic hand pump. Pressure in the diaphragm is indicated on a pressure gauge. A dial gauge is fitted onto a cross bar to measure the diaphragm surface profile. The Circular Diaphram equipment is used for studying the stress and deflection of a thin diaphragm. The circular aluminum alloy diaphragm is clamped around its edge by two heavy steel flanges. Each strain gauge is wired to form a full bridge with temperature compensation gauge and zero adjustment in a bridge box with strain gauge indicator. Scale on the cross bar indicates the dial gauge position. The strain gauges are fitted onto the diaphragm at different angles and radii.
Experiments:
Strains on the diaphragm surface under pressure.
Deflection of circular diaphragm under pressure.
Internal pressure is applied to the cylinder by mean of a hydraulic hand pump. Pressure in the cylinder is indicated on a pressure gauge. A hand screw is attached to one end of the frame to operate a piston on one side of the cylinder. Thin Cylinder Experiment is used for studying the stresses in a thin wall cylinder. The strain gauges are fixed onto the cylinder at different angles. Each strain gauge is wired to form a full bridge with temperature compensation gauge and zero adjustment in a bridge box with strain gauge indicator. A thin wall aluminum alloy cylinder is mounted on a rigid steel frame. By applying the hand screw, only circumferential stress occurs on the cylinder or both circumferential and axial stresses occur.
Experiments:
Measurement of strains and stresses under internal pressures.
Comparison of theoretical stresses and strains with experimental values.
Determination of Youngâ„¢s modulus an Poissons ratio.
-lab-374703529.jpg "Torsion Testing Machine (100Nm)")
The Torsion Testing Machine exhibited to the test specimen is measured using strain gauge technology. The output from the strain gauges is fed directly into the Data Acquisition Interface supplied, which reads torsion directly in Nm. The input angle of twist is recorded on an integral protractor and a rotary potentiometer that connects to the Data Acquisition Interface supplied. Test specimens of up to 350mm can be loaded between the torsion head and fixing head using standard hexagon drives. Torsion Testing Machine for manually applying torque to test specimens until failure occurs. Torque is applied to differing material test specimens using hand operated gearbox. The fixing head slides along the base.
Experimental capabilities:
Torsional loading to failure of varying material specimens
Determination of the Modulus of Rigidity and Yield shear stress
Working with the elastic torsion equation
Comparison between actual and theoretical results
Torsional variation due to material, cross sectional area.
-lab-81401529.jpg "Torsion Testing Machine (200Nm)")
The apparatus can cater for test specimens of up to 300mm which are inserted between the fixed gearbox and the movable torsion head. Standard hexagon drives are used for transmitting the torque. At the other end of the base frame a Torsion Testing Machine head measures the torsion being applied. The Torsion Testing Machine from the specimen is fed directly into the Data Acquisition Interface supplied using strain-gauging technology. A sturdy bench top mounted unit for Torsion Testing Machine of varying material test specimens to failure/destruction. Using a speed controlled electric motor torque is applied through the drive gearboxes rigidly attached at one end of the base frame. This Data Acquisition Interface display reads directly in Newton metres (Nm). A set of test specimens is supplied as standard. The Data Acquisition software is supplied for capturing the Torsion Testing Machine and allows further manipulation and editing to take place.
Experimental Capabilities:
Torsional testing of different materials, loading up to specimen fracture
Torsional loading to failure of varying material specimens
Comparison between actual and theoretical results
The hydraulic system applies either a tensile or compressive loading to specimens. Extension of the specimen is monitored using an extensometer for work on stress/strain curves and the Modulus of Elasticity. This Universal Material Tester is a bench top unit for training purposes. The applied force to the specimens is created using a digital pressure sensor and shown on the Digital Interface supplied. An elongation sensor is also supplied for use in bending, compressive and shear testing. Simple operation and robust construction make the unit suitable for student experiments. The round threaded tensile specimens are installed between upper and lower fixings using the mating threads in each fixing. A wide variety of options are also available. Data Acquisition Software is supplied as standard to enable the test parameters to be captured, displayed, reviewed and printed.
Experimental Capabilities:
Tensile Strength Percentage Elongation
Tensile and Compressive testing Recording of stress-strain diagrams Modulus of Elasticity testing.
The Alternating Bending Fatigue Machine is a further evolution of the popular Rotating fatigue Machine. All these parts are enclosed by a transparent safety guard, which ensures rotating components are kept away from the user but full view of parts and count is kept. Rather than rotating a specimen to fatigue failure, the Alternating Bending Fatigue Machine induces an alternating displacement to the free end of a cantilevered test specimen in order to fatigue fail the part. A heavy base plate houses the control box, motor, fluctuating components, test specimen and digital counter.
Experimental Capabilities:
Reading and working with nomograms
Cantilever test specimens
Bending fatigue of a cantilevered strip of metal or plastic in modes varying from alternating to fluctuating stresses
Fatigue
Photoelastic analysis is achieved by passing light through the mechanical stress models while a tensile load is applied. The frame has the Transmitted Light Polariscope filter and quarter wave plate mounted to rotational frames. The Transmitted Light Polariscope is a bench top mounted frame which allows the study of stress patterns and photoelasticity resulting from geometrical changes in loaded mechanical models. Transmitted Light Polariscope can be vertically or horizontally mounted onto the light box. These frames allow the rotational angle of the plates and filters to be adjusted and hence vary the colourisation seen by the user. Rubber mounting feet enable it to sit firmly onto the light source. The frame can sits in front of a light box which supplies monochromatic or white light.
Experimental Capabilities:
Photoelastic analysis of standard mechanical models
Tensile loading of beams, perforated beams, plates, overlap element
Variation of stress colourisation
Rotational position of wave plate and filters
Analysis of Crane hook under tensile load.
-lab-1552900294.jpg "Pendulum Impact Tester (25J)")
Pendulum Impact Tester (25J) has an anvil and pillar which have replicable impact profiles for supporting the notched specimens prior to testing. A heavy hammer swings on a pre-defined radius, set by the hammer arm. A sturdy bench top mounted unit for the study of notched bar impact strength tests. The initial energy of the hammer can be varied by changing the starting weight and/or the start height of the hammers swing this can be varied between 3 set positions. A sturdy base plate with protective guard surround houses all the components, the guard has a lockable door for ease of access when setting the test but also security whist not in use. As the hammer swings through its radius, it impacts on the specimen and the distance it travels passed the specimen is measured on an integral scale shown in degrees.
Experimental Capabilities:
To determine notched impact energy absorption.
The influence of starting mass, starting height on the overall potential energy of the swinging mass.
Notched bar impact strength, Charpy test.
Understand the influence of materials and their properties on notched impact.
Observe and evaluate fracture surface characteristics from broken samples.
Understand the influence of notched shape and cross sectional area on the notched bar impact.
Vickers Hardness Tester is fully automatic using a motorised system. The accurate load is applied on a diamond penetrator by means of a lever and weights. After a specific lapse of time the load is removed automatically. Vickers Hardness Tester is designed specifically for Vickers hardness testing. The testing range is very wide, from soft metal such as lead, upto the hardest, like hardened steel.
The sample specimen is then compared with the test piece and the diamond indentation is projected on the measuring screen. The diagonals of the indentation can be measured by means of the micrometer screw of the projection screen. The robust machine frame is designed to accommodate the high precision loading system and an optical projection screen specimen is placed on a testing table.
Experimental Capabilities:
Vickers hardness testing
Rockwell And Brinel Combined Hardness Tester is bench mounted unit. The principle of operation is based around a lever and weights. The weights are applied to the free end of a lever, which then transmits pressure onto the plunger, which then indents the specimen under test. Rockwell And Brinel Combined Hardness Tester is designed for measuring hardness of metals and alloys of all types (hard and soft). The specimens can be flat, or round and irregular in shape. The weights are automatically selected. A range of indenters are also supplied with 1.58 ball, 2.5mm ball and 5mm ball. Two test tables are supplied in 50mm and 38mm, with the 38mm table incorporating a Vâ„¢ groove for holding round jobs from 6 .45mm. A dial gauge monitors the loading, while a rubber bellows protects the elevating screw from dust and dirt ingress. 15 Rockwell And Brinel Combined Hardness Tester scales are available to choose from.
Experimental Capabilities:
Brinell Hardness Tests
Rockwell Hardness tests
-lab-1640152589.jpg "Torsion Testing Machine (30Nm)")
Torsion Testing Machine (30Nm) can cater for test specimens of up to 750mm. Standard hexagon drives are used for transmitting the torque into the specimens. An angular compensation system is integral to the torsion head with a dial gauge. The Torsion Testing Machine (30Nm) head measures the applied torque to the specimen using strain gauge technology. Data Acquisition Software is supplied to capture the test parameters and to display the graphs relevant to further work. The strain gauge signals are fed directly into the Data Acquisition Interface supplied.
Experimental Capabilities:
Torsional variation due to material, cross sectional area
Torsional loading to failure of varying material specimens
Determination of the Modulus of Rigidity and Yield shear stress
Working with the elastic torsion equation
Comparison between actual and theoretical results
A lever arm transmits the load from a load hanger and weights into the specimen and the lever arm has a counter balance weight to ensure the lever arm self weight is calibrated out. A sturdy bench top mounted unit for studying the affect of Creep Testing Machine on different material test specimens. Necked test specimens are held vertically in position on special clamps, which do not induce bending during loading.
Experimental Capabilities:
Material variation on creep rate and failure
Load variation on creep rate and failure
Creep fracture load
Temperature affect on creep rate and failure.
Polariscope Frame has integral slides into which fit quarter wave plates and polarisation filters. These plates and filters can be rotated through 90° to vary the colourisation seen by the user.
The Polariscope Frame is a bench top mounted frame which allows the study of stress patterns and photoelasticity resulting from geometrical changes in loaded mechanical models.
The frame can sit on top of a light box or overhead projector. Rubber mounting feet enable it to sit firmly onto the light source.
Experimental Capabilities:
Tensile loading of beams, perforated beams, plates, overlap element
Variation of stress colourisation
Photoelastic analysis of standard mechanical models
Rotational position of wave plate and filters
Analysis of Crane hook under tensile load.
Unsymmetrical Cantilever Apparatus Angular adjustment can be made easily and the angular position can be read off using the integral angular scale and pointer. The free end of the cantilever has point loads applied using the load hanger and calibrated weights. Unsymmetrical Cantilever Apparatus allows the vertical and horizontal deflections of the free end of a test specimen to be measured when loading occurs along a principle axis or at a known angle. Unsymmetrical Cantilever Apparatus holds the indicators relative to the rigid end of the cantilever to ensure accurate deflection measurement. A solid base holds a rigid vertical end support for the clamping of the test cantilevers. Test cantilevers and rectangular cross section are supplied. The free end movement is measured using deflection indicators. Shear centre work can also be undertaken.
Experimental Capabilities:
Vertical and horizontal deflection of unsymmetrical cantilevers
Shear centre location
Comparison between actual and theoretical results
Moment of area
Mohrs circle
Sturdy, compact, self contained bench top unit for determining the surface strains and deflections of a flexible diaphragm under varying pressures. Round Diaphragm Apparatus the diaphragm is flexed, the strain gauge output is fed into a digital display, which is supplied. An aluminium diaphragm is clamped rigidly around its outer edge, creating a volume underneath its surface into which oil is filled. On the top surface of the diaphragm are attached 8 precision strain gauges at differing orientations.
An analogue pressure indicator monitors the pressure, whilst an electronic pressure sensor monitors the same pressure but gives an output signal to the digital display. The force applied to the diaphragm is created by pressurising the oil underneath the diaphragm using a fine adjustment control mechanism.
Experimental Capabilities:
Measurement of diaphragm disc surface strain using strain gauges
Determination of circumferential strain
Diaphragm surface profile
Measurement of diaphragm disc deflection with a dial gauge
Determination of radial strain
Comparison of actual and theoretical results
Mohr Circl
Strain gauge technology and uses.
Torsion and Deflection Testing Apparatus extruded base frame carries two solid vertical supports. Profiled grooves within the base frame, fasteners and quick release handles ensure quick and easy adjustment of the span between the vertical supports. Torsion and Deflection Testing Apparatus allows a variety of experiments to be undertaken to investigate test specimens under torsional loading and bending loading within their elastic limits. The students cover topics involving bending moment equation, torsional rigidity, modulus of rigidity, angle of twist, and create graphs and compare actual measured values with theoretical values using formulae and theory provided.
Experimental Capabilities:
Deflection of specimen as a function of loading force, material, Youngs Modulus of Elasticity (E), cross section, support span
Comparison of cantilever beams, simply supported beams
Determination of Youngs Modulus of Elasticity (E) in shear for the different material specimens
Comparison of bending stiffness of varying specimen sections for the same cross sectional area
Introducing Poissions Ratio
Torsion angle and specimen cross section
Modulus of rigidity introduction
Torsion angle and clamping length relationship
Torsion angle and torsion moment relationship.
A cantilever has a single gauge bonded onto its surface, and an identical gauge is fixed to an unstressed piece of the same material for temperature compensation. The two gauges form part of a wheatstone bridge which has a balancing potentiometer, and whose meter is calibrated directly in microstrains. The Electrical Resistance Strain Gauge Apparatus has been designed to illustrate the basic features of electrical resistance strain gauges and their application in measuring bending and torsion. A detailed label on the unit shows the wheatstone bridge arrangement and how the specimen strain gauges connect into the circuit. The cantilever is loaded by the load hanger and calibrated weights hung from its free end. A torsion bar is also supplied having two gauges bonded orthogonally at 45º.
Experimental Capabilities:
To show the application of Electrical Resistance Strain Gauge Apparatus in the measurement of stress due to bending and torsion
Visibly shows location of Electrical Resistance Strain Gauge Apparatus within wheatstone bridge arrangement and the position and use of balancing potentiometers
To demonstrate the use of wheatstone bridge arrangements in measuring change of resistance
Dummy, temperature compensation gauges
Wiring of Electrical Resistance Strain Gauge Apparatus
With optional extras to show other methods of temperature compensation in conjunction with tension and compression specimens.
The applied force is captured on the digital display along with the revolution count of the specimen. Both values can be reset and zeroed (tared) prior to the testing commencing. When failure occurs, a microswitch stops the motor and the cycles to failure are registered on the digital display. A 2800rpm motor rotates a specimen through a gear and pulley arrangement between 5600 or 1425 rpm. The specimens are held within chucks and loaded using a cantilever arrangement, with the load being applied through a screw jack mechanism with integral cantilever load cell. This Rotating Fatigue Machine Digital Apparatus has been designed to introduce students to the effects of material fatigue using a sinusoidal variation of bending stress. The count remains when the motor is not running and the ability to reset the counter has been designed in. Through an appropriate spreadsheet software printing and manipulation of data can be completed.Specially machined necked test specimens are provided in steel. A safety guard shields all rotating parts. The digital display incorporates a usb socket, which allows a host computer to be connected to the. The software supplied with the allows the capture and reviewing of data. These have a 4mm nominal neck diameter and are held in the unit using collect chucks. All tooling is provided to allow the removal and fitting of these specimens.
Experimental Capabilities:
Introducing students to s-n curvesMaterial specification on fatigue limits
Specimen geometry on fatigue limit
To make an introductory study of fatigue using a wohler rotating fatigue apparatus, including the time to failure caused by various stress levels and materials
The accessory affords bending fatigue of a cantilevered strip of metal or plastic in modes varying from alternating to fluctuating stresses
The Rotating Fatigue Machine Apparatus is mounted on a heavy base plate and is designed to overhang the bench. Specially machined necked test specimens are provided. This Rotating Fatigue Machine Apparatus has been designed to introduce students to the effects of fatigue. The loading system cancels its own self-weight enabling any desired value of bending stress to be applied. Loads are applied to the test specimen using a load hanger and a set of calibrated weights. When failure occurs, a micro switch stops the motor and the cycles to failure are registered on a revolution counter. A motor rotates a specimen through a gear and pulley arrangement which can be adjusted. During the rotation the specimen is subject to sinusoidal variation of bending stress. A safety guard shields all rotating parts.
Experimental Capabilities:
Introducing students to S-N curvesVarying materials on fatigue limits
Specimen geometry
To make an introductory study of fatigue using a Wohler rotating fatigue apparatus, including the time to failure caused by various stress levels and materials.
The stiffness of a spiral spring depends on its physical dimensions and the rigidity of the steel strip from which it is formed. With the Torsion of Spiral Spring Apparatus student can easily calculate the theoretical stiffness of the spring, and compare the value with simple experimental results. Spiral springs are used to provide a resisting or restoring torque to a shaft when it is rotated through an angular displacement. One end of the spring is attached to a shaft mounted in ball bearings. A load hanger and calibrated weights is used to incrementally load the spring. They exhibit similar stiffness characteristics to linear springs, except that the effect is one of torque rather than force. The wall mounted unit consists of a spiral spring coiled from a length of steel strip. Spring deflection is measured with an attached scale.
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The deflection of a spring depends on the load applied to it, an observation enshrined in Hooke's Law Applications of springs are found in spring balances which indicate loads by measuring spring deflections and in car suspensions where they absorb energy caused by wheel vertical movement due to potholes and bumps. Compression of Springs Apparatus are used in engineering to store energy or to provide restoring forces. Both compression and tension springs may be encountered.
Experimental Capabilitis:
Using the optionally available compressive spring set the dependence of spring stiffness on the wire diameter, spring diameter, length, number of turns and material can be observed and calculated
To determine spring stiffness using measured experimental results and formulae provided
To test the relationship between the load applied and the change in compressive length of a spring
Load versus compression graphs
Action of springs.
Combined Bending And Torsion uses specially machined necked specimens which are clamped at one end to the base plate and at the other end to a counterbalanced circular loading plate. Regular interval graduations on the loading plate allow a special hanger to locate. The object of this experiment is to determine what levels of Combined Bending And Torsion cause elastic failure in different materials, and to compare them with various theories of failure. The specimen deflection is measured by a dial gauge mounted diametrically opposite the load point. A set of calibrated weights is supplied along with a set of test specimens. Further test specimens are available separately. The special hanger enables pure bending, pure torque or a combination of both to be applied depending on the position of the hanger.
Experimental Capabilities:
To compare the results with the established theories of failure.
To determine elastic failure of a specimen subjected to several ratios of bending and torsion simultaneously.
The Extension of Springs Apparatus is designed to be mounted to a rigid vertical support approximately 1.5metres above floor level. It is used to test tension springs up to 200mm in length. The maximum spring diameter is 38mm. Applications of Extension of Springs Apparatus are found in spring balances which indicate loads by measuring spring deflections and in car suspensions where they absorb energy caused by wheel vertical movement due to potholes and bumps.
Experimental Capabilities:
Using the optionally available spring set Extension of Springs Apparatus the dependence of spring stiffness on the wire diameter, spring diameter, length, number of turns and material can be calculated
To test the relationship between the load applied and the change in length of a spring
To determine spring stiffness using measured spring data and load versus extension graphs.
Creating load versus extension graphs and extracting key elements.
Comparison with theoretical estimates and manufacturers data.
Working with springs.
A bench mounted base supports a variety of Curved Bars Apparatus in the form of a ring, semi-circle or quadrant/davit. Loads are applied by specially designed weight hangers so that the specimen bends. The theoretical deflections of curved shapes are most easily found by applying strain energy ideas, such as Castigliano's first theorem. The shapes chosen in Curved Bars Apparatus provide a relatively easy introduction to the use of such techniques. Horizontal and vertical deflections are measured by dial gauges rigidly attached to the base and surrounding pillars. All specimens, weight hangers and a set of calibrated weights are supplied. The Curved Bars Apparatus can be readily changed and the position of the dial gauges relocated to measure the deflections of the new configuration.
Experimental Capabilities:
To compare with theoretical estimates using strain energy theories such as Castigliano's first theorem.
To experimentally determine the vertical and horizontal deflections of various Curved Bars whose cross sectional dimensions are small compared with the bar radius.
The torsion head is supported in ball bearings and torque is applied by a mass hanger and masses. Angular displacement is measured by a dial and pointer which can slide along the base to enable readings to be taken at any point. Torsion Apparatus is a most useful piece of bench mounted equipment and consists of a horizontal unit to take specimens up to 6 mm diameter by 450 mm long (0.25 inches x 18 inches). Supplied complete with a stainless steel specimen of 6 mm dia and one pointer.
Applications:
Determination of modulus of rigidity of different materials
Demonstration of torsion characteristics of small diameter rods of different materials.
Features:
Simple operation, with accurate repeatable results
Compact bench top unit.
Wall mounted apparatus (for loading spiral springs in either tension or compression with direct gravitational loads) with accurately divided scale and vernier.
Supplied complete with four compression and four extension springs each approximately 18 cm long (7") long. Mass Hanger and Masses for (Hanger 1, Masses 13 x 1 kg)
Experimental Capability:
Modulus of rigidity for spring material.
Introduction to Spring Rate
Determines load and deflection relationships for close coiled springs.
The comparator shows the degree of deformation of the block. Rubber Resistance Apparatus Consists of a panel on which a block of Rubber as well as a console equipped with ab Dial are mounted. A total shear load of 12 kg is permitted.
Experimental Ability:
Determination of the stiffness modulus for the rubber
Observation of the driving force and the Shear deformation on a rubber block.
Determination of the variation in the deviation of the applied load
Demonstration of the relationship between the Shear and shear deformation.
