LaboratoryInstrumentIndia is a reputable name among heat transfer lab equipment manufacturers, suppliers, and exporters, serving clients in India, China, and Kenya. We specialize in providing a wide range of high-quality heat transfer laboratory instruments designed to meet the rigorous demands of research, experimentation, and industrial applications.
Our product portfolio includes humidity measurement bench, bench top cooling tower, computer controlled radial heat conduction, laminar and viscous flow heat transfer unit, and more. These instruments are engineered with precision and reliability to ensure accurate measurements and efficient heat transfer processes.
At LaboratoryInstrumentIndia, we prioritize customer satisfaction and technological innovation. Our state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities and stringent quality control measures guarantee the durability and performance of our heat transfer lab instruments.
Whether you are in academia, research, or industry, our instruments empower you to conduct comprehensive heat transfer experiments and analysis with confidence. Choose LaboratoryInstrumentIndia as your trusted partner for reliable, high-performance heat transfer lab equipment that meets international standards of excellence.
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The wet and dry bulb method can be compared with a direct reading psychrometer, hair hygrometer , a synthetic material hygrometer and an electronic humidity sensor. Humidity Measurement Bench investigate the use of the standard wet and dry bulb whirling hygrometer in the normal way. Using the air duct the effect of air velocity on wet bulb temperature can be investigated.
A self contained Humidity Measurement Bench top unit comprising a number of different types of Humidity Measurement Bench meters and a small air duct with fan for variation of air velocity together with a simple air velocity meter.
Experimental Capabilities:
The Use Of Wet And Dry Bulb Measurement And The Concept Of Relative Humidity, Specific Humidity And Vapour Pressure.
Investigation Of The Effects Of Air Velocity On Wet Bulb Temperature.
Investigation Of Different Types Of Humidity Measurement Device.
Bench Top Cooling Tower Standard instrumentation allows measurement of the air, circulating water mass flow rate and all end state temperatures using wet and dry bulb thermocouples. Bench Top Cooling Tower unit incorporates a process load, circulating pump, packed column, water distribution, volume control system and fan. Reproduces all the processes that are found in an industrial system serviced by a forced draught cooling tower. Evaporation rates under varying load and flow conditions can also be investigated.
External Capabilities:
Measurement of all end states and rates of flow of water, air and make-up.
Plotting of end states on a psychrometric chart and the application of the steady flow equation to draw up energy balances.
Observation of water flow pattern and distribution.
Investigation of performance at,
A range of process cooling loads.
A range of inlet temperatures.
The Radial Heat Conduction accessories have been designed todemonstrate the application of the Fourier rate equation to simple steady-stateconduction radially through the wall of a tube.
Hardware Description:
The accessory comprises a soliddisk of material, which is heated at the centre and cooled at the periphery tocreate a radial temperature difference with corresponding radial flow of heatby conduction.
Six K-type thermocouples arepositioned at different radii in the heated disk to indicate the temperaturegradient from the central heated core to the periphery of the disk.
The arrangement, using a solid metal disk with temperature measurementsat different radii and heat flow radially outward from the centre to theperiphery, enables the temperature distribution and flow of heat by radialconduction to be investigated.
The heater power and the cooling water flow rate are controlled via,either from the front panel or from the computer software. These are controlledmanually.
A control valve permits the flowof cooling water to be varied, if required, over the operating range of 0-1.5l/min.
The cooling water flow rate ismeasured by a turbine type flow sensor .
An optional cooling water flowrate sensor Set 2 is available upon request for the connecting directly intothe service unit.
The radial distance between eachthermocouple in the disk is 10mm.
Quick-release connectionsfacilitate rapid connection of the cooling tube to a cold water supply. Apressure regulator is incorporated to minimise the effect of fluctuations inthe supply pressure.
Laminar And Viscous Flow Heat Transfer Unit is allowed to take place between oil and water in a concentric tube. The oil is raised to a maximum temperature of 90°C in a tank fitted with an electric heating element. Control is by a panel mounted digital PID controller and the maximum temperature is limited by a separate thermostat for operator safety. Oil flowing in the inner tube is supplied by an international oil company and has a kinematic viscosity at 70°C, of 8x10-6 m2 s-1. As it flows downwards, the oil is cooled as heat is transferred to the flow of cooling water which surrounds the core tube. The heated oil is pumped from the tank into the core tube of the diagonally mounted concentric tube heat exchanger.
Experimental Capabilities:
Determination of surface heat transfer coefficients on both the oil and water sides and of the overall heat transfer coefficient.
Demonstration of a simple concentric tube heat exchanger with con-current and counter-current flow.
Simple energy balance for a heat exchanger.
Water And Water Turbulent Flow Heat Transfer Unit heat exchanger may be connected to give either con-current or counter-current flow and the two additional pairs of intermediate stream temperatures allow classic heat exchanger temperature profiles to be plotted. The Water And Water Turbulent Flow Heat Transfer Unit includes all the necessary temperature and flow measurements and is suitable for both basic and advance studies. The metal and two fluid stream temperature are measured at inlet and outlet allowing the relationship Nu = k ReaPrb to be developed by evaluating k, a and b. The Water And Water Turbulent Flow Heat Transfer Unit enables students to study the detailed performance of concentric tube heat exchangers of the type most commonly used in industry. By varying the water velocity and temperature Reynolds Numbers of 4000 to 70000 and Prandtl Numbers of 2.5 to 5 can be achieved.
Experimental Capabilities:
Determination of surface heat transfer coefficient inside and outside the tube, and of the effect of fluid velocity.
Determination of heat transfer rate, logarithmic mean temperature difference, overall heat transfer coefficient and 4 point hot and cold stream temperature profiles.
Determination of the constants in Nu = k Rea Prb.
Comparison of performance in concurrent and in counter-current flow.
Investigation of the relationship between Nusselt (Nu), Reynolds (Re) and Prandtl (Pr) Numbers for Reynolds Numbers up to 65000 and for Prandtl Numbers between 2.5 and 5.0.
The Steam to Water Heat Exchanger is self contained and designed for bench top use having it own steam generator and condenser tubes housed in a thick walled glass cylinder.
A differential pressure manometer also allows the pressure drop due to velocity to be investigated in each configuration.
The tubes may be connected in a single, double or four pass configuration and full instrumentation is provided for the investigation of the thermal performance in each configuration.
Experimental Capabilities:
Demonstration of the increase in Steam to Water Heat Exchanger effectiveness due to increasing the number of tube passes at constant flow rates.
Visual demonstration of filmwise condensation and nucleate boiling.
Investigation of the saturation pressure/temperature relationship for H2O at low pressures.
Investigation of the effect of increasing flow velocity and the number of tube passes on the overall heat transfer coefficient.
Measurement of the effect of coolant flow velocity and the number of tube passes on pressure drop.
The measurement of temperature is fundamental to almost every branch of engineering and science. Up to nine different methods of Temperature Measurement Methods and Calibration Unit are included and students undertake detailed experiments to compare not only accuracy but also the way in which the instruments work. The Temperature Measurement Methods and Calibration Unit enables students to investigate the many different methods of measuring temperature and to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the various sensor and indicator types. The operation of platinum resistance temperature sensors and their importance in the International Temperature Scale are investigated.
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The wet and dry bulb method can be compared with a direct reading psychrometer, hair hygrometer , a synthetic material hygrometer and an electronic humidity sensor. Humidity Measurement Bench investigate the use of the standard wet and dry bulb whirling hygrometer in the normal way. Using the air duct the effect of air velocity on wet bulb temperature can be investigated.
A self contained Humidity Measurement Bench top unit comprising a number of different types of Humidity Measurement Bench meters and a small air duct with fan for variation of air velocity together with a simple air velocity meter.
Experimental Capabilities:
The Use Of Wet And Dry Bulb Measurement And The Concept Of Relative Humidity, Specific Humidity And Vapour Pressure.
Investigation Of The Effects Of Air Velocity On Wet Bulb Temperature.
Investigation Of Different Types Of Humidity Measurement Device.
The Finned Tube Bundle In Cross Flow accessory includes a clear plastic plate that is designed to fit the aperture in the Cross Flow Heat Exchanger duct. An electrically heated finned active element with an integral surface thermocouple is supplied which may be inserted in place of the removable tube in the centre of each row. The plate consists of a four row finned tube bank with a removable finned tube in the centre of each row. Replacing the removable tube in each row in turn in the tube bundle allows the variation in heat transfer coefficient in a tube bundle to be investigated.
Experimental Capabilities:
Steady state determination of the mean surface heat transfer coefficient for finned tubes in the 1st , 2nd 3rd and 4th rows of a Finned Cross Flow Heat Exchanger.
Investigation of the effect of external fins on the heat transfer watt density of plain tubes in cross flow.
The unit consists of two vessels connected by a large bore pipe and valve together with an integral air pump. A small scale bench top accessory designed to allow experimental investigation of the first law of thermodynamics using the perfect gas law and the expansion of air. Additional valves allow the vessels to be used in isolation; venting to or from atmosphere and in a combined arrangement where the pressurised vessel can vent into the evacuated vessel. The pump can be used to both pressurise one vessel and evacuate the other.
Experimental Capabilities:
Observation of the transient responses to different rates of change in a process.
Observation of the Pressure, Volume, Temperature Relationship for Air.
Investigation of the First law of Thermodynamics.
The second Law of Thermodynamics and its Corollaries
Thermal Conductivity of Liquid and Gases is aspect of heat transfer studies that is often overlooked but of crucial importance in the prediction of heat exchanger performance. A compact unit designed for the direct measurement of the Thermal Conductivity of a wide range of liquid and gases. The unit is complementary to the Thermal Conductivity of Building and Insulating Materials Unit. The simple calibration procedure enables the effect of incidental heat transfer to be determined and the unit is supplied complete with a console for the control and display of temperatures and heat input.
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The Flow Boiling Demonstration Unit is a floor-mounted unit designed to provide a visual demonstration of the flow boiling processes that can occur inside the vapour generating tubes of practical plant such as refrigeration, steam, chemical and food processing systems.
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The assembly is contained in a thermally insulated enclosure to minimise heat losses. The heat flowmeter gives an output to a digital panel meter on the special control and instrumentation console. Special thermocouples are arranged to measure mean temperatures either side of the test specimen, allowing the temperature gradient across the sample and hence the thermal conductivity to be determined. The Thermal Conductivity of Building Material Apparatus uses a PID controlled flat plate electrical heater and a water cooled flat plate with an integral and highly sensitive heat flowmeter. The 300mm *300mm specimen under test is sandwiched between the heated and cooled plates.
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The Plain Tube and Tube Bundle in Cross Flow accessory includes two clear plastic plates that are designed to fit the aperture in the Cross Flow Heat Exchanger duct. Using the single tube plate the active element may be used to investigate the variation in heat transfer, temperature difference and surface heat transfer variation with air stream velocity. An electrically heated cylindrical active element with an integral surface thermocouple is supplied which may be inserted in the apertures in each of the two plates. One plate has a single central hole and the other consists of a six row tube bank with a removable tube in the centre of each row.
Exeperimental Capabilities:
Determination of the mean surface heat transfer coefficient for cross flow heat exchangers with one to six rows.
Deduction of the relationship between Nusse lt, Reynolds and Prandtl Numbers for each of the six tube rows.
Steady state determination of heat transfer , temperature difference and surface heat transfer coefficient for a single tube in a transversely flowing air stream at speeds of up to 30m/s.
The active element consists of a non-metallic circular cylinder coated with an electrically conductive surface and circumferential contacts at each end. Under the conducting surface is a thermocouple designed to measure the local temperature. The Local Heat Transfer Element includes a black plastic plate with circular access hole designed to fit the aperture in the Cross Flow Heat Exchanger duct. The active element has a circular graduated flange that fits in the access hole and allows the active element to be rotated about its central axis while in the airstream.
Experimental Capabilities:
Determination of the local heat transfer coefficient at the stagnation point on a cylinder in crossflow
Investigation of polar heat transfer coefficient for a single tube in a transversely flowing airstream at speeds of up to 30m/s.
The flexible hoses connect to a small service console containing a water heater, reservoir, circulating pump and flowmeter. The flow and return temperatures of the heated water are measured together with the water flow rate which is also adjustable. The Water To Air Heat Exchanger Accessory includes a series connected copper tube bundle with flexible flow and return hoses that is designed to fit the aperture in the Cross Flow Heat Exchanger duct. This allows investigation of the heat transfer at various operating conditions.
Expermental Capabilities:
Determination of heat transfer rates of water and air together with the efficiency.
Determination of overall heat transfer coefficient and how this is affected by flow velocity.
The plate fits in a location below the main accessory aperture and allows the velocity profile behind all of the optional heat exchangers to be investigated. Also supplied is an upstream pitot tube that can be traversed across the duct to investigate the upstream velocity profile. The Pitot Static Traverse Plate includes a sliding plate, and pitot tube with multiple locations designed to be traversed across the duct of the base unit.
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Heat transfer from the simple flat plate may be compared under the same test conditions when either the aluminium rods or heat pipes are inserted. The Heat Pipe Investigation Accessory includes a drilled aluminium plate with integral heater and temperature sensor that is designed to fit the aperture in the Cross Flow Heat Exchanger duct.The flat plate is drilled to accept either finned heat pipes or similar geometry finned aluminium rods.
Experimental Capabilities:
Investigation of free and forced convective heat transfer to air from a vertical flat plate with and without heat pipe or aluminium rod enhancement.
Demonstration of heat pipe applications in free and forced convection.
Fluidisation and Fluid Bed Heat Transfer Unit takes place within a transparent chamber and the range of bed material supplied can be rapidly changed. Alternative locally sourced bed materials and air distributors can be easily utilised for student project work. The objective of the Fluidisation and Fluid Bed Heat Transfer Unit is to investigate the gas flow through a fixed and fluidised bed and to measure the heat transfer rate and coefficients for comparison with convective heat transfer rates in air. Application of fluidised beds is more widespread in industry than is usually appreciated, covering such diverse fields as power generation to food processing.
Experimental Capabilities:
Measurement of air flow and pressure drop through a variety of granular materials, as packed and as fluidised beds.
Observation of the behaviour in a fluidised bed of a wide range of granular materials, from onset of fluidisation to entrainment.
Investigation of the effect of distributor design on bed behaviour.
Investigation of the effect of:
Depth of immersion particle size
Superficial velocity.
The heat exchanger is fully instrumented using the Heat Exchanger Service Unit with thermocouples on the inlet and outlet of both the hot and cold streams. An example of an industrial Coiled Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger with turbulence enhancing tubes. The heat exchanger is deliberately not insulated so that heat losses in all of the configurations can be investigated. The heat exchanger can be arranged so that either hot or cold streams are in the inner tube. With either configuration both co-current and counter-current flow can be established.
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The heat exchanger has been divided into three equal sections in order to allow examination of the intermediate stream temperature conditions and temperature distribution through the heat exchanger. Water to Water Turbulent Flow Heat Exchanger is a highly advanced concentric tube heat exchanger with hot water flowing through the central tube while cooling water flows through the annular space. The addition of the central tube surface temperatures at inlet and exit allow detailed investigation of the surface heat transfer coefficient inside and outside the central tube. Thermocouples sense the hot and cold stream temperatures at the four stations and the inner tube wall temperatures on entry and exit.
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The process of Dropwise Condensation is enhanced by the special water cooled condenser surface finish that prevents wetting of the surface. This continuous cleaning puts the water cooled surface in direct contact with the vapour. Condensation then occurs in droplets which grow and fall under gravity. These falling droplets wipe the surface clean ready for more droplets to form.
Vapour may condense onto a cooled surface in two distinct modes known as Filmwise and Dropwise. However it involves special surface finishes or treatment in order to maintain Dropwise Condensation and for this reason, though desirable, it seldom occurs in real plant operation. For the same temperature difference between the vapour and the surface, Dropwise Condensation is several more times effective than filmwise.
The film effectively acts as a resistance to heat transfer, as heat must be conducted through this film to the internal cooling water. The duplicate Filmwise Condenser is not specially treated and allows condensation to form as a film. This effectively grows and runs down the condenser gaining thickness as it falls.
A small scale bench top accessory designed to measure the temperature profile and heat transfer along a horizontal Extended Surface. The resulting heat transfer gives a temperature profile that may be investigated and predicted by conventional analysis. A small diameter uniform rod is heated at one end and heat flowing along the rod by conduction is lost to the surroundings by a combination of natural convection and radiation.
Experimental Capabilities:
Determining the constant of proportionality/thermal conductivity of the rod material.
Calculating the heat transfer from an extended surface resulting from the combined modes of free convection and radiation heat transfer and comparing the result with a theoretical analysis.
Measuring the temperature distribution along an extended surface and comparing the result with a theoretical analysis.
The apparatus consists of a vertical stack of specimens clamped between an electrically heated source at the top and a water cooled base, all contained within a Dewar vessel and furnished with a radiation shield and anti convection baffle. The heating current is supplied from a variable voltage power pack and displayed on a digital ammeter. The specimens are fitted with very small thermocouples at known distances apart and connected via a selector switch to a digital temperature readout. Cooling water is supplied from the constant head water tank mounted above the Dewar vessel. The water cooled base is designed as a calorimeter to measure the heat flow and fitted with very accurate thermometers in the water circuit.
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The heating element contained within the test vessel is an electrical resistance element whose input power is controlled by a potentiometer. The self-contained vacuum pump fitted to the equipment caters for vacuum conditions down to less than 0.1 mbar, and there is provision for an external pressure source input to be used to allow investigations up to 2 bar absolute. A Bourdon tube gauge mounted on the unit measures pressure from +1 bar to -1 bar and to cater for the high vacuum conditions a McLeod gauge, also panel mounted, covers the range 0 to 200 mbar absolute. A temperature indicator monitors the temperature at each thermocouple, one measuring ambient and one on the heating element.
Experimental Capability:
A determination of the natural convection heat transfer coefficient at different pressures.
An investigation of the effects of orientation of the heat source on the convection heat transfer coefficient.
Demonstration of the Stefan Boltzman law of radiation and determination of the constant for differing ambient conditions.
An investigation of natural convection for different gases, introducing the Prandtl, Grashof and Nusselt dimensionless groups.
A study of the concept and parameters of emissivity.
A small oscilloscope necessary to balance the bridge is NOT included in the supply. The filament heating circuit voltage does not exceed 12V and the system has an isolated mains transformer. It is self contained and built into a high quality instrument case designed for bench mounting with the experiment easily visible. A second vessel with cooling system accommodates the second arm of the bridge, a variable voltage supply for filament heating, the AC bridge circuit, a panel mounted ammeter and voltmeter, switch gear, electrical stirring system and a 0-105ºC thermometer. It consists of the heat proof glass observation vessel containing the liquid and housing the nickel filament whose length and diameter can be measured, together with an additional low voltage heating element for rapid warm up.
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The core and the sleeve are arranged so that a uniform narrow annular gap is created between the two parts, which is filled by the liquid or gas to be analysed. The unit comprises a cylindrical, electrically heated, nickel-plated aluminium core surrounded by a nickel-plated aluminium sleeve.
The temperature on each side of the fluid is measured by thermocouples in the surface of the core and the sleeve. Both versions incorporate an insulated jacket to minimise heat exchange from and to the atmosphere. Adds an electronic proportioning valve and flow meter to vary and measure the flow using.
Measurement of the temperature difference between the heated and cooled surfaces together with the power supplied to the heater (measurement of DC voltage and current) using allows the conductivity of the fluid to be calculated. The fluid to be tested is injected into the annular gap between the heated core and the cooled jacket using a hypodermic syringe. The surface area and thickness of the fluid sample remain constant during all tests.
Features:
Concentricity of the heated and cooled surfaces is accurately maintained using a spiral insulator
Thickness of the fluid sample is restricted to 0.5mm to minimise convection in the fluid sample
ArmSoft software is supplied, with separate exercises for determining the thermal conductivity of liquids and gases
Trapped bubbles of the previous liquid or gas sample are prevented by the spiral flow path when injecting a different liquid or gas.
The engine consists of a water cooled power cylinder and a transfer cylinder connected via a common duct. A single acting power piston and double acting displacer piston are connected to a flywheel.
Heat to expand the captive gas charge and drive the power piston is provided by an electrical element controlled from the standard instrumentation console.
A bench top accessory designed to allow students to experimentally investigate one of the methods available to convert heat energy directly into work.
The cycle of the engine consists of two isothermal processes and two constant volume processes.
A heated flat plate with surface thermo couple may be directly compared with a similar pinned plate and finned plate also fitted with a surface thermo couple.
A bench top accessory designed to allow students to experimentally investigate both free (natural) convection and forced convection. Three plates with integral heaters and temperature sensors are also supplied that are designed to fit in the central aperture in the wind tunnel. The accessory includes a small, variable velocity wind tunnel with a digital velocity meter and a central aperture.
The cold section is of identical dimensions to the hot end and is water-cooled. Both the heated and cooled ends are each fitted with three thermo couples at 15mm intervals to measure the temperature gradients along the bars.
A small-scale accessory that allows experimental investigation of linear heat conduction and the measurement of the thermal conductivity of various solid conductors and insulators.
The hot end uses a nominal 65W heater (operating at 240v maximum), which is fitted with a high temperature limit switch. The power supplied to the heater is controlled and measured by the Heat Transfer Service Unit .
An insulated, 25mm diameter brass heated section and cooling section that may be either clamped together, or assembled with one of four insulated intermediate sections or test specimens between the interfaces.
A Cooling fan is supplied with a speed controller to control the airflow over the heat exchanger. Water temperature is also measured via the inbuilt thermocouples of the base unit. Thermocouples are placed before and after the fan to measure air temperature.
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The unit includes instrumentation that is common to all modules, this being a 12 point digital tempe. A fully instrumented bench top Heat Transfer Service Unit providing regulated and adjustable AC power for all of the optional modules plus a number of auxiliary power outlets.
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A small compressor provides a means of adjusting the pressure of the test gas above and below atmospheric pressure. The compressor is mounted on the base board and controlled by a panel mounted switch.
Two sealed glass cylinders with access valves are mounted on a base board and connected via a tube. The measuring cylinder is fitted with a compound gauge designed to measure the gas pressure both above and below atmospheric pressure. One cylinder performs the measuring function and the other is used to pressurise the volume of gas contained above oil in the measuring cylinder.
A pressure switch and relief valves ensure operator safety.
The height of oil and hence the volume of gas in the measuring cylinder is measured using a graduated scale. A thermometer in the measuring cylinder allows the temperature of the gas in the measuring cylinder to be determined.
A radiation shield may be raised or lowered over the centrally mounted thermocouples to investigate the effects of shielding.
A small scale bench top accessory designed to experimentally investigate how measured temperatures can be influenced by the effects of radiation, temperature sensor design and surface finish.
The circular duct is mounted on the discharge from a centrifugal fan. Air from the fan is blown through the duct past the temperature sensors at a controlled velocity of between 0 and 8m/s. The air velocity is measured by an in duct anemometer.
An additional temperature sensor records the temperature of the inside of the heated duct adjacent to the centrally mounted thermocouples.
Three temperature sensors of different form and surface finish are mounted centrally in a circular stainless steel duct that is surrounded locally by an electrical heater.
A small-scale accessory that allows experimental investigation of linear heat conduction and the measurement of the thermal conductivity of various solid conductors and insulators.
The hot end uses a nominal 65W heater (operating at 240v maximum), which is fitted with a high temperature limit switch. The power supplied to the heater is controlled and measured by the Heat Transfer Service Unit .
The cold section is of identical dimensions to the hot end and is water-cooled. Both the heated and cooled ends are each fitted with three thermo couples at 15mm intervals to measure the temperature gradients along the bars.
An insulated, 25mm diameter brass heated section and cooling section that may be either clamped together, or assembled with one of four insulated intermediate sections or test specimens between the interfaces.
Self sealing quick release connections enable rapid connection to and conversion from parallel to counter current flow. An extended version with 3 pairs of intermediate points and a total of 10 thermocouples is also available.
A clear acrylic tube containing cold water surrounds an inner stainless steel tube in which the hot water flows. Six thermocouples measure hot and cold inlet, mid-point and exit temperatures. Total heat transfer area of approximately 24000mm2.
Internal electric and mechanical safety devices to allow for unsupervised operation by students.
Instrumentation to measure up to 12 temperatures and the relevant flow rates of the hot and cold fluids through the heat exchanger under test.
A bench mounted heat exchanger service unit comprising a reinforced plastic instrument panel with electric water heater and circulating pump providing temperature controlled hot water from self sealing quick release couplings. Controlled and measured cold water is taken from the local supply.
Study of the heat transfer under counter-current and co-current flow conditions.
Flow influence on the heat transfer. Reynolds number calculation.
Global energy balance in the heat exchanger and the study of losses.
Exchanger effectiveness determination.
The heat extracted is transferred to the hot reservoir, together with heat generated by the electrical supply to the peltier device. This heat is removed by a water-cooled heat exchanger. The flow rates can be adjusted to provide a range of operating temperatures. By varying the electric power into the system, the behaviour of the system at different operating points and temperatures can be established. The thermo-electric Peltier device is positioned in a heat transfer path, between two copper blocks, extracts heat from one block (cold reservoir) and transfers it to the other block (hot reservoir). In order to measure the heat transfer rate, the cold reservoir is fitted with an electric heater.
Instrumentation is provided to measure the temperatures of the blocks, the electric power supplied to the Peltier device, the cooling water flow rate and the cooling water temperature rise.
The Peltier device can also be used to generate a small quantity of electric power when a temperature difference is applied. This effect can also be demonstrated. The heater power is measured , and so it is possible to establish a complete energy balance for the system.
Comprises of a vertical air duct, with a transparent front for visibility mounted on a fan at the base of the duct, three heat transfer surfaces, airflow, and temperature probes
Technical data is included for each of the three heat transfer surfaces, which will enable students and researchers to compare practical results with theoretical analysis for free and forced convection.
A bench mounted unit specifically designed to demonstrate the phenomena of free and forced convection and to measure temperature profiles from three different heat transfer surfaces.
Three heat transfer surfaces supplied:
Pinned extended surface area 0.0525m2
Finned extended surface area 0.1414m2
A flat plate surface area 0.011m2
All heat transfer surfaces incorporate guards to allow safe use outside of the duct for performing free convection experiments
K-type thermocouples measure the air temperature in the duct before and after the heater as well as the surface temperature of the heat transfer surfaces.
The airflow is manually adjustable up to 10m/s.
Vertical duct incorporates a transparent front wall allowing complete visualisation of the process and identification of the airflow and temperature sensors.
The airflow is measured by an air velocity sensor, which is inserted inside the duct.
A comprehensive instruction manual is included.
Arm Soft software for includes separate exercises for each of the heat transfer surfaces in free or forced convection and records of all measured variables for analysis and comparison of the performances
Each heat transfer surface is fitted with its own heater (240W) and thermocouples, to allow for easy interchange.
A small-scale accessory to introduce students to the principles of radial heat conduction, and to allow the conductivity of a solid brass disk to be measured
Thermally insulated to minimize errors due to heat loss.
Includes an electronic proportioning solenoid valve to control the cooling water flow rate, a pressure regulator and a water flowmeter.
Comprises a brass disk with a heater at the centre and a cooling water tube attached to the periphery.
Includes a water pressure regulator and a manually operated valve to control the flow rate.
Water flow rate variable up to 1.5 litres/ minute.
Conduction disk is 110mm diameter and 3.2mm thick
Six thermocouples measure the temperature gradient between the heated centre and the cooled periphery of the disk.
Heater power variable up to 100 Watts.
A small-scale Tubular Heat Exchanger system for use with an Heat Exchange Service Unit to teach the fundamental concepts of heat exchangers.
A comprehensive instruction manual is included.
Comprises a number of sections of concentric tubes, the outer section constructed from clear acrylic for visibility and the inner tube from stainless steel.
The tubes are easily dismantled for cleaning.
K-type thermocouples measure the inlet and outlet water and air temperatures, as well as permitting the connection of the air velocity sensor.
The air mass flow rate is derived using an air velocity sensor.
Some parts in the heat exchanger such as probes and axial fan can be easily removed for cleaning.
Enables variation of the parameters involved in the cross flow exchange process and therefore a complete analysis of the phenomena.
A comprehensive instruction manual is included.
Mounted on a PVC base plate which is designed to be installed on the plinth of the Heat Exchanger Unit without the need for tools.
The heat exchanger is constructed from stainless steel tube and clear acrylic. It is mounted on a PVC baseplate which is designed to be installed on the plinth of the Heat Exchanger Service Unit without the need for tools.
A miniature shell and tube heat exchanger for use with an Heat Exchanger Service Unit.
Four temperature sensors are supplied in tappings at fluid inlets and outlets.
Comprises an outer shell and seven internal tubes. There are two transverse baffles inside the shell..
A comprehensive instruction manual is included.
The stainless steel tubes can be removed from the heat exchanger for cleaning.
A comprehensive instruction manual describing how to carry out the laboratory teaching exercises in combined radiation and convection (free and forced) and their analysis as well as assembly, installation and commissioning is included.
K-Type thermocouples measure the vessel contents and the inlet and outlet temperature of both fluid streams (6 in total).
Comprises processing vessel with outer jacket, inner coil, variable speed stirrer and baffle.
The heating section, cooling section and one of the intermediate sections are fitted with thermocouples (eight in total) evenly spread along the length of the assembled conduction path.
A small-scale accessory designed to introduce students to the principles of linear heat conduction, and to enable the thermal conductivity of various solid conductors and insulators to be measured.
Includes a water pressure regulator, an electronic proportioning solenoid valve to control the cooling water flow rate and a water flow meter.
Comprises a heating section, cooling section plus four intermediate section conductor samples and two insulator samples.
All sections are insulated to minimize errors due to heat loss.
Includes a water pressure regulator and a manual flow control valve.
Heater power variable up to 60 Watts.
Water flow rate variable up to 1.5l/min.
Heating and cooling sections, 25mm diameter.
A comprehensive instruction manual is supplied.
The accessory is mounted on a PVC baseplate, which is designed to stand on the bench top and connect to the Heat Transfer Service Unit without the need for tools.
A small-scale accessory designed to demonstrate combined convection (free and forced) and radiation from a horizontal heated cylinder. It consists of a centrifugal fan with vertical outlet duct at the top of which is mounted the heated cylinder.
K-type thermocouples measure the air temperature upstream and the surface temperature of the cylinder.
The air flow rate is measured by a vane type anemometer in the outlet duct.
The air flow is manually adjustable
The accessory is mounted on a PVC baseplate which is designed to stand on the bench top and connect to the Heat Transfer Service Unit without the need for tools.
The air flow is electronically adjustable over the range 0 - 7 m/s by an variable speed fan.
Comprises a heated cylinder mounted in a vertical air duct, with a fan at the base of the duct which can be used to provide a variable air flow over the cylinder.
Heater rating 100 Watt at 24V DC.
The apparatus consists of a small test cylinder. The temperature of cylinder is measured with the help of temperature sensor inserted in the center. The hot water bath is provided with a heater and is controlled by digital temperature controller. The cylinder is heated by a constant temperature water bath, till steady state is reached. During heating, temperature of the cylinder is function of time and hence, heating of cylinder is under unsteady state heat transfer. An agitator is also provided to maintain the constant bath temperature.
Experimentation:
To calculate the heat transfer coefficient.
To calculate the Biot number, Fourier number.
The heat and light sources, instruments, filters and plates are mounted on an aluminium track with graduated scale, which is designed to stand on the benchtop and connect to the Heat Transfer Service Unit without the need for tools.
A heat source with radiometer and a light source with light meter are used where appropriate to demonstrate the principles.
A small-scale accessory designed to introduce students to the basic laws of radiant heat transfer and radiant heat exchange.
The light source consists of a 40 Watt light bulb (operating at 24V DC maximum) mounted inside a housing with a glass diffuser.
The heat source consists of a flat circular plate 100mm in diameter which incorporates a 216 Watt electric heating element (operating at at 24V DC maximum).
A comprehensive instruction manual is supplied.
Benchtop service unit, designed to accommodate a range of different small-scale heat exchangers.
The hot water pump is bi-directional (to allow co-current and counter- current investigations without re-configuring the hardware) and the flow rate is under computer control.
The hot water vessel is made from clear acrylic (for visibility) and includes a 2kW heater with thermostatic over-temperature cut-out and low water level detection.
The cold water system includes a manually adjustable pressure regulator and a flow control valve which is under computer control.
Flow rates for both fluid streams in excess of 5L/min are achievable, but this may be restricted by some designs of heat exchanger .
All data is available to a (user supplied) Windows PC, via a USB interface. This computer is also used to control the flow rates, hot water temperature, and hot water direction.
Full software for educational use is included.
Comprises hot water vessel, hot water recirculation pump, cold water control system, computer interface and all necessary instrumentation.
Up to 10 temperatures (K-type thermocouples) can be monitored using the service unit. Operating range, 0-75°C, resolution 0.1°C.
Two flow meters are included, operating range 0.2 to 9 l/min resolution 0.1l/min
A comprehensive instruction manual is included.
A bench top service unit designed to interface to a range of heat transfer accessories.
Provides a drive signal for a proportioning solenoid valve used for flow control.
Provides a control signal to a variable speed blower used for generating airflow.
Provides a variable, stabilised 0-24V DC supply to the heater of the heat transfer accessory, with a current capability of 9A.
10 temperature inputs and conditioning circuits for K-type thermocouples:
9 off, 0-133°C, resolution <0.1°C
1 off, 0-500°C, resolution <0.15°C
A comprehensive instruction manual describing how to carry out the laboratory teaching exercises in non-steady state heat transfer and their analysis as well as assembly, installation and commissioning is included.
Outputs can be controlled manually from the front panel, or controlled by the software from a user supplied PC.
Instrumentation inputs for heater voltage, heater current, air flow, water flow, radiation and light meter.
Integral USB interface, and educational software for all accessories.
The extended surface comprises a 10mm diameter, long brass rod mounted horizontally and heated at one end with a 20 Watt, 24V DC heater.
Eight thermocouples mounted at 50mm intervals along the rod provide the temperature distribution.
A small-scale accessory designed to demonstrate the temperature profile and heat transfer characteristics for an extended surface when heat flows along the rod by conduction and heat is lost along the rod by combined convection and radiation
A comprehensive instruction manual is supplied.
Temperature of the ambient air is measured by an independent thermocouple.
The accessory is mounted on a PVC baseplate which is designed to stand on the bench top and connect to the Heat Transfer Service Unit without the need for tools.
Experimentation:
To determine the effective thermal conductivity of the composite cylinder.
To compare the theoretical temperature profile within the composite cylinders, with that of observed profile.
To estimate the actual rate of heat transfer through the composite cylinders from the measured interface temperature of the two insulating materials with known thermal conductivities.
