Friction body which can be set up to give 3 different surface options
Experiments relating to Hooke's Law, friction and the inclined plane
Rail from forming the inclined plane
Steel helical spring
Supplementary set for experimental unit.
Box to house the components.
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The products are mainly used in gravity, elasticity, friction inquiry objects of three different forms of power, to cultivate students' ability to explore the balance of elastic tension at both ends of the equilibrium condition of spring and friction.
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Dynamic friction is differentiated into sliding, rolling and spinning friction. In dynamic friction, there is relative translation between the two bodies. Rolling friction occurs when two bodies roll on each other without sliding. In bearing and drive technology, dynamic friction occurs at the sliding and rolling points, which leads to power losses in the technical systems. Rolling friction is therefore a combination of rolling and dynamic friction. In rolling friction, the rolling motion is superposed with a smaller sliding friction, known as slip.
Features:
Frictional forces between two rolling friction wheels
Use of different lubricants possible
How slip affects the frictional force
Learning Objectives And Experiments:
Determine the frictional forces as a function of load, lubrication and operating speed
How slip affects the frictional force
Together with the drive unit
Determine the coefficients of friction.
Bends And Fittings Friction is to be used with Hydraulics Bench All bends and fittings are connected in series with pressure tappings on both sides of each device. The Bends And Fittings Friction equipment measures pressure drops at various flow rates when water flow through different pipe bends, and fittings. A water manometer with a vent valve and a hand air pump is connected to these tappings.
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The pressures, temperatures and air flow rate are recorded by a combination of instrumentation on the Compressible Flow Range base unit and the optional module. A digital hand held manometer is supplied.
A series of four straight tubes of different diameters with end pressure tapings allow pressure losses in a straight pipe to be investigated at a range of Reynolds numbers. Bends, sudden enlargements and contractions are included to allow investigation of pressure loss and recovery.
The unit is driven by an ejector (jet pump) allowing investigation of entertainment ratio and ejector performance.
Dynamic friction is differentiated into sliding, rolling and spinning friction. In dynamic friction, there is relative translation between the two bodies. In bearing and drive technology, dynamic friction occurs at the sliding and rolling points, which leads to power losses in the technical systems.
Learning Objectives:
Frictional forces with different lubrication
Frictional forces at different relative speeds of the friction partners
Wear under different friction parameters
Together with the drive unit
Frictional forces in different friction pairs and loads.
Features:
Investigation of wear
Use of different lubricants possible
Frictional forces between two sliding friction pairs.
Pipe Friction is to be used with Hydraulics Bench. It consists of adjustable constant head water source of removable clear acrylic cylinder for laminar flow. Pipe Friction equipment measures pressure drop when water flows through a vertical pipe at various flow rates both laminar and turbulent. A water manometer with a vent valve, a hand air pump and a mercury manometer are provided for measurement of pressure drop. Turbulent flow may be achieved by directly connecting the pipe to the Hydraulics Bench water supply.
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Hydrodynamic lubrication occurs in roller bearings, gear wheels and cam followers, whose contact surfaces are subjected to high loads. The theory of hydrodynamics takes into consideration the elastic deformation of the bodies in contact with each other and provides a basis for calculating the influence of lubrication on damage to gears and roller bearings. These surfaces are elastically deformed because of high contact pressures.
Features:
Investigation of the thickness and shape of the lubricating film.
Hydrodynamic behaviour between the sphere and rotating-glass-plate friction pair.
Learning Objectives And Experiments:
Study the effect of load and speed on the thickness of the lubricating film.
Together with the drive unit
Determine the thickness of the lubricating film at the contact point of a sphere with a plane surface compare with theoretical value.
Magnetic Damping Accessory To Add Friction On Cart
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Self-contained, wall mounted
Interchangeable brake lining friction material
3 diameters of friction plate to be supplied
Variable plate pressure using calibrated weights supplied
Comprehensive instruction manual for students and lecturer supplied.
To enable determination of coefficient of friction and minimum torque to maintain rotation
Torque application to be applied using cord and hangers.
Pulley, load hangers and weights measure the friction. An oil cup is provided for a study of lubrication effect. The set is supplied in plastics box. Friction materials includes a screw jack and bushing of different materials. Rotating Friction Set is part of mechanical Engineering Test Series which provides sets for various experiments on Basic Panel (separately supplied) to study or demonstrate specific engineering principles.
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The belt drives are machine elements that are classed as traction mechanisms in the field of transmission or conversion elements. The motion is transferred by traction mechanisms that can only absorb tensile forces. Toothed belts and chains deliver positive transmission of movements. They transfer torque and speed between guiding members such as wheels or pulleys. Traction mechanisms such as cables, flat belts and V-belts, on the contrary, allow for non-positive transmission.
Features:
Friction of different belt types on a metal pulley
Function of a belt drive
Learning Objectives And Experiments:
Comparison of flat belts and V-belts
Consequences of an unadapted V-belt groove
Effect of wrap angle, coefficient of friction and cable force.
The trainer includes a transparent tank with a pipe section connected as a drain. The initial pressure is kept constant by the overflow in the head tank. The pressure at six distributed measuring points on the pipe section can be measured on a multiple tube manometer. Terms such as the static pressure of a fluid at rest (hydrostatic pressure), static pressure of a flowing liquid or the pressure loss between two points can be demonstrated on this trainer.
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The apparatus consists of a sturdy tubular steel frame on which is carried a counter shaft mounted in ball bearings having an overhung mandrel at the front. The Journal Friction Apparatus is the basic item in the Hydrodynamic Lubrication Unit which enables the friction in a journal bearing to be measured under various conditions of load and speed, including boundary lubrication conditions, and the comparison of the results with the friction torque predicted by the Petroff equation. The bearing system, which is to be the subject of the investigation, is assembled around the mandrel. The shaft is driven by a variable speed DC motor via a toothed belt and pulleys.
Features:
Uses automotive thin wall main bearing shells of various widths.
Variable speeds up to 1000 rev/min.
Horizontal 50 mm shaft and journal bearing;.
Three alternative shaft sleeves provide variable bearing clearance.
Air cylinder driven reciprocating oil pump and accumulator.
High quality oil filtration and pressure regulation.
Indication of oil film thickness and detection of metal to metal contact based on electrical resistance between journal and housing.
Radial loading of the bearing of up to 500N is applied vertically by weights via an hydrostatic pad.
Direct measurement of bearing friction torque.
Instrumented for oil pressure and temperature, and drive motor current.
The plane carries a free running pulley at one end and at the other end is hinged to the base plate. Consisting mostly of metal construction with a machine ground steel plane. The angle is displayed on a Clinometer Protractor on the front face of the plane. Eight sliding surfaces are supplied on opposite faces of 10 cm x 10 cm pads having a total mass of 1 Kg each. Two vertical pillars located either side of the plane carry a cross bar which can be positioned at various levels by set screws to tilt the plane. Certain materials are provided on both half area and full area of the pads. Other surfaces include steel, glass, aluminium and PVC. A knurled screw permits fine adjustment of the angle of the plane which has a maximum value of 45º. Additional loads of 2 x 1 Kg each and 1 x 500 gm together with 1 Kg weight carrier are also provided.
Applications:
Frictional effects of an inclined plane
Measures coefficient of friction between steel and various materials
Experiments of moving and static bodies.
Features:
Eight sliding surfaces of various engineering materials
Clinometer measurement for fine adjustment of plane angle
Various load masses.
The trainer is supplied from the water mains. The flow rate is adjusted using valves and measured using a rotameter. Four different pipe sections are fitted to a panel. Each section can be individually selected using ball valves. The measuring points are 1m apart. The pressure drop over a pipe section is measured using a digital, battery-operated differential manometer. To keep measuring inaccuracies as low as possible, the pressure is measured using annular chambers.
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The cord is coupled to force measuring devices with a strain gauge via a tension spring. The unit is used in conjunction with the basic module for the experiments, cylindrical weights are placed on a horizontally rotating stainless steel disc. Using this experimental module, static friction and sliding friction, and the related friction vibrations and slip-stick effects can be clearly demonstrated. This is prevented from turning by a cord. An open container surrounds the friction disc. Different lubricants can be placed in this beaker.
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Measurement of fan air flow rate using an intake orifice plate, and an iris diaphragm at a range of air flow rates in order to determine the fan characteristics.
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