Beams are important design elements in mechanical engineering and building construction that can deform under load. In linearelastic material behaviour, the bending line, also known as elastic line, is used to determine the deflection of beams. Deflection can be determined at any point on the beam using the influence coefficients and commutative theory. Beams are subjected to load transversely in the axial direction, which leads to deflection.
Features:
Beams of different materials: steel, brass and aluminium.
Learning Objectives And Experiments:
Elastic line and support forces in statically indeterminate systems.
Elastic line under varying load.
Elastic line under various support conditions.
The process of Dropwise Condensation is enhanced by the special water cooled condenser surface finish that prevents wetting of the surface. This continuous cleaning puts the water cooled surface in direct contact with the vapour. Condensation then occurs in droplets which grow and fall under gravity. These falling droplets wipe the surface clean ready for more droplets to form.
Vapour may condense onto a cooled surface in two distinct modes known as Filmwise and Dropwise. However it involves special surface finishes or treatment in order to maintain Dropwise Condensation and for this reason, though desirable, it seldom occurs in real plant operation. For the same temperature difference between the vapour and the surface, Dropwise Condensation is several more times effective than filmwise.
The film effectively acts as a resistance to heat transfer, as heat must be conducted through this film to the internal cooling water. The duplicate Filmwise Condenser is not specially treated and allows condensation to form as a film. This effectively grows and runs down the condenser gaining thickness as it falls.
The engine can be operated as an external ignition petrol engine or an auto-ignition diesel engine. The mode of operation can be changed by a few simple conversion steps. This allows the compression ratio to be adjusted over a wide range. The key feature is that the cylinder has been modified so that its height can be adjusted along with that of the cylinder head. Major technical modifications have been made to a standard water-cooled single cylinder engine to allow demanding issues in engine technology to be investigated by experiment.
Learning Objectives/Experiments:
Influence of ignition point on fuel consumption, power output, efficiency and exhaust gas composition
Comparison of diesel and petrol cycles
Plotting of torque and power curves
Determination of volumetric efficiency and lambda (fuel-air ratio)
Energy balances
Determination of friction loss (in passive mode)
Determination of specific fuel consumption
Determination of efficiency
Influence of compression on fuel consumption,
Power output, efficiency and exhaust gas composition.
Specifically, this learning system focuses on using a Safety PLC with Step 7 software to teach applicable reversing motor applications such as controlling the movement of a conveyor system that does not require a variable speed. Safety I/O With Reversing Starter Learning System teaches reversing motor starter configuration, programming, and operation in Safety PLC applications. Major topic areas within the curriculum are reversing motor starter operation, motor starter construction, disconnect module operation, starter configuration, and starter programming.
This learning system adds to the Programmable Controller Troubleshooting Learning System and the PLC Troubleshooting Learning System to expand offering of Safety PLC curriculum. The Safety I/O With Reversing Starter Learning System includes a reversing motor starter, discrete I/O modules, disconnect module, curriculum, instructors guide, and installation guide.
Features:
Teaches reversing motor starter configuration, programming, and operation in Safety PLC applications
Only source for reversing motor starter training on safety PLC applications
Focuses on using a Safety PLC with Step 7 software.
Bench-top unit, with anodized aluminum structure and painted steel panels.
Main metallic elements of stainless steel.
Water condenser, capacity: 1580 W.
High pressure control.
Coolant accumulator.
Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit.
Cooling compressor, computer controlled, power: 1/2 CV.
Air condenser, computer controlled.
Coolant filter to retain particles of condensate.
Expansion valve.
4 Manometers, situated at important points of the unit.
Water evaporator, capacity: 1580 W.
Air evaporator, computer controlled.
Liquid separator to retain liquid particles before going on to the compressor.
The Mechanical Drives Learning System includes a mobile workstation, motor control unit, mechanical transmission system components, specialized tools, prony brake load device, and performance measurement instruments. Mechanical Drives Learning System covers the operation, installation, performance analysis, and basic design of mechanical transmission systems using chains, v-belts, spur gears, bearings, and couplings. Additional panels are also available to extend the learning capabilities of the Mechanical Drives Learning System to provide the most extensive range of component coverage ever available for a mechanical trainer. Learners will practice industry-relevant skills to prepare for real-world industrial applications in fields such as agriculture, automotive, mining, and many more. Learners will use these mechanical transmission components to study major topics like key fasteners, power transmission systems, V-belt drives, chain drives, spur gear drives, and multiple shaft drives. Mechanical Drives Learning System uses industrial quality components to help assure that learners are better prepared for what mechanical drives they will encounter on the job and to withstand frequent student use.
Features:
System Performance Measurement
Machine Load Devices
Industrial Safety Procedures with Lockout/ Tagout
Heavy Duty Precision-Machined Worksurface
Component Storage Panels
Double-Sided Workstation
Wide Range of Component Options
2-Student Workstation
Industrial Standard Components
Student Reference Guide
Multimedia Curriculum Available.
Metering pump with a flow rate of 0 to 24 liters per hour.
Steam trap
Graduated tank with a capacity of 1 liter for measuring the condensate
Bourdon vacuum gauge with a capacity of 1 to 0
Bourdon pressure gauge with a capacity of 0 to 1.6 bar
Bourdon pressure gauge with a capacity of 0 to 6 bar
Metering pump with flow rate of 0 to 8.5 liters per hour
Feed tank with a capacity of 25 liters
Tank with a capacity of 10 liters for collecting the condensed solvent
Tank with a capacity of 10 liters for collecting the concentrated product
Shell-and-tube condenser with an exchange surface of 1.1 m2
Falling film shell-and-tube evaporator with an exchange surface of 0.27 m2
Tube-in-tube heat exchanger.
Calibrated diaphragm with differential pressure transmitter for measuring the steam flow rate
Pneumatic valve for control of the steam flow rate, Cv=0.32
6x electronic temperature indicators
6x digital thermocouples with pt100 probes protected by stainless steel shield sleeves.
Compact laboratory designed for training of 14 years students and over. The trolley is completely mobile and has 5 storage drawers, protecting the equipment in shock-free, molded sponge pods. You can organize the equipment according to the subjects for quick and easy setup and control of the equipment itself. It is particularly suitable to introduce the main and practical refrigeration applications in both vocational and technical schools. It is possible to compose the circuit on the aluminum surface to place on the working top. Opportunity of fault insertion and detection. It is ideal for all teaching environments and its modular design guarantees both flexibility and adaptability for all the experiments. The Refrigeration Mobile Lab is already equipped with all the necessary feed fittings according to the industrial standards.
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Beam mould 140x140x560 mm.
Weight: 38 kg
Consequently, they cause a fast regeneration of the bony and cutaneous tissues and considerably increase the immune defenses of the body. Low frequency and low intensity magnetic fields and high frequency electromagnetic fields, act on the whole body through an effect of substitution or activation of the missing electrical currents, where the magnetic component is almost equal to the electrical component.
Circuit blocks:
Typical circuit of a Magnetotherapy
Main functions of the Magnetotherapy.
Theoretical topics:
The Magnetotherapy
Equipment for Magnetotherapy
Outline of electromagnetism
The electromagnetism in the medical practice.
The trainer can be used to demonstrate the principal aspects of solar thermal domestic water heating in a system with components used in real world applications. The heat then gets into the hot water circuit via a heat exchanger. Radiant energy is converted into heat in a commercially available flat collector and transferred to a heat transfer fluid in the solar circuit.
Learning Objectives/Experiments:
Determining the collector efficiency
Relationship between temperature difference and collector efficiency
Determining the net power
Familiarization with the functions of the flat collector and the solar circuit
Relationship between flow and net power.
The board enables the encoder to update the buffer and the latter can be read and cleared from the Personal Computer. A special software program running in the MS-Windows environment enables the students to perform the tests through the Personal Computer. Interfacing with the PC is via a board fitted with a digital buffer containing the angle position of the encoder. The unit includes all the measuring instruments necessary for the execution of the tests and numerous measuring points to check the most important signals with the aid of external instruments. Study Unit On DC Motor Position Control With Incremental Encoder makes it possible to study the position control techniques for a DC motor by means of an incremental encoder and a Personal Computer.
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Adsorber, Cation Exchanger, Mixed Bed Ion Exchanger
Separate Supply Unit With Tanks For Raw Water And Treated Water
Raw Water Tank With Possibility Of Aeration
Gravel Filter And Sand Filter With Differential Pressure Measurement
Flow Rate Measurement Of Raw Water
Measurement of conductivity and temperature after each treatment stage
3 Unit Operations In Water Treatment: Depth Filtration, Adsorption, Ion Exchange
Gravel Filter, Sand Filter, Aluminium Oxide Adsorber, Activated Carbon.
Retaining the flexible concept of the whole range, it can be plumbed into many of the flow control loops, and provides a good illustration of pneumatic valve technology. This is a pneumatic control valve, plus associated components, for use with the system.
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The first shafts has a cable drum for weight hanger. The apparatus has a transparent cover with interlocks for safety protection. The unit is steel frame with adjustable footings. The second shaft has an interchangeable inertia mass. A speed sensor monitors the mass speed. A motor dynamometer measures the gear system input power. This motor dynamometer drives the first shaft via an electric clutch. Speed is controlled by an inverter. The Comprehensive Geared System is used for studying the acceleration of a geared system as well as geared system efficiency under different gear ratios. For a study of acceleration of the geared system, a weight hanger provides torque on the cable drum and speed sensor can measure inertia mass velocity and acceleration. The Comprehensive Geared System consists of three shafts, two stage spur gear unit with two fixed gear and two sliding gear sets. All shafts rest on ball bearings on a steel frame. A mechanical brake dynamometer is attached to the third shaft for measurement of the gear system output power.
Experiments:
Input power, output power, and efficiency.
Effect of speed and load on efficiency.
Inertia of a mass and of a geared system.
It is very suitable for the introduction and study of photoelasticity: optical elements, isochromatic, isoclinic, band order, band factor, edge tensionsing, and for strain and stress analysis and measurement with strain gauges.
Unit for photoelasticity practices, illustrating the subjects of the Photoelasticity theory, the Elasticity theory, Strength of Materials, and Structure theory.
Using this unit photoelastic experiments and practices of transparent test specimens (models) may be performed.
With the aid of the system it is possible to analyze and process the captured data during test experiments, making measurements with strain gauges.
These specimens show a full color and high contrast results and are also made of a special very hard material that avoids breaking during daily use.
The experimental beam is in two parts, joined by a pair of low friction ball bearings. An underslung spring balance provides a resisting moment and measures the section bending moment.
Demonstration of the action of moment of resistance in a beam; measurement of bending moment at a section of a loaded beam; verify equilibrium of forces and moments.
The load hangers mountable in virtually any position along the beam.
An Instruction manual for student and lecturer provided
To be a bench mounted apparatus consisting of an 'experimental beam', 3 weight hangers, 2 supports and a spring balance
Set of calibrated weights and tools supplied.
Deflection Of Frames Computer InterfaceThe Deflection Of Frames Computer Interface set has the same accessories as except Moment Support is replaced by Moment Load Cell Horizontal Force Support is replaced by Horizontal Force Load Cell Dial Indicator is replaced by Digital Indicator.
Software is included.
The apparatus shows precisely how Castor Camber King Pin Inclination are set up and how centre point steering is achieved. A wheel and means of altering the offset are included so that everything affecting centre point steering can be varied.
A hand driven rotating turntable simulates a rolling road, and may be turned at a slow enough speed to study wheel stability under running conditions.
Students often experience difficulty in understanding the principles of front wheel set-up on road vehicles, since the geometry involves angles in three dimensions. Vernier scales measure the Castor Angles And King Pin Inclination, while toe in and camber angles are measured from a longitudinal and vertical datum in the way in which they would be determined on a real vehicle.
Experimental Capabilities:
To demonstrate the effect of wheel offset
To observe the dynamic stability of the wheel under running conditions
To show how castor, camber and king pin inclination are set up
To show how the steering linkage is related to toe-in.
All electrical components are industry standard components and the system circuit diagram is printed on the front panel. Test sockets are inserted to enable measuring instruments to be connected for fault finding. It includes 30 fault insertion switches.
An Industrial Air Conditioning Controls Simulator for studying the function of the electrical components commonly used in air conditioning equipment. It also allows students to become familiar with fault finding and diagnosis.
The has been designed and manufactured to incorporate all current safety standards.
The shows the electrical circuit for an air conditioning system with simulated winter (heating) and summer (cooling) operation. The compressor, fan and heater are automatically simulated in the equipment.
