In hydrodynamic bearings, the shaft and the bearing shell are separated from each other during operation by a supporting lubricating film. The position of the shaft in relation to the speed and the load is important for an analysis of the tribological process in the bearing shell of a journal bearing. The pressure in the lubricating film in hydrodynamic journal bearings is generated by the relative motion between bearing shell and shaft.
Features:
Pressure distribution in the journal bearing
Locus of the shaft under different loads and speeds
Frictional moment under different bearing clearances and loads.
Learning Objectives And Experiments:
Influence of speed, bearing clearance and bearing load on the displacement of the shaft
Influence of speed, bearing clearance, bearing load and lubricant on the frictional moment
Determine the coefficients of friction at various loads and speeds, compare with Stribeck curves
Locus of the shaft.
Water And Water Turbulent Flow Heat Transfer Unit heat exchanger may be connected to give either con-current or counter-current flow and the two additional pairs of intermediate stream temperatures allow classic heat exchanger temperature profiles to be plotted. The Water And Water Turbulent Flow Heat Transfer Unit includes all the necessary temperature and flow measurements and is suitable for both basic and advance studies. The metal and two fluid stream temperature are measured at inlet and outlet allowing the relationship Nu = k ReaPrb to be developed by evaluating k, a and b. The Water And Water Turbulent Flow Heat Transfer Unit enables students to study the detailed performance of concentric tube heat exchangers of the type most commonly used in industry. By varying the water velocity and temperature Reynolds Numbers of 4000 to 70000 and Prandtl Numbers of 2.5 to 5 can be achieved.
Experimental Capabilities:
Determination of surface heat transfer coefficient inside and outside the tube, and of the effect of fluid velocity.
Determination of heat transfer rate, logarithmic mean temperature difference, overall heat transfer coefficient and 4 point hot and cold stream temperature profiles.
Determination of the constants in Nu = k Rea Prb.
Comparison of performance in concurrent and in counter-current flow.
Investigation of the relationship between Nusselt (Nu), Reynolds (Re) and Prandtl (Pr) Numbers for Reynolds Numbers up to 65000 and for Prandtl Numbers between 2.5 and 5.0.
This apparatus has asingle circuit with bends, pressure tappings and an expansion-contraction. Aball valve at the pipe exit controls water flow. The valve is downstream, so itdoes not cause any upstream turbulence. This compact bench-top apparatus uses smooth, industry standardplastic pipe, commonly used in domestic and other small-bore water systems. Itworks with Digital Hydraulic Bench. The bench supports the apparatus andcirculates and measures the water flowing through it. A useful diagram on the apparatus shows themain dimensions of the pipework and fittings. It also shows the positions ofthe tappings and the tubes that they connect to. Each pressure tapping point in the pipeconnects to a piezo meter tube in the vertical panel of the apparatus. The product includes ahand-pump to adjust the datum of the piezometer tubes. During experiments, these tubes measure and compare pressure differences across thebends, expansion and contraction.
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An insulated gold electrode terminates 0.1mm from the tip of the rotating blades and detects the change in electrical impedance as each blade passes. The sensing head consists of a 5-bladed propeller that runs in jewelled bearings. As there is no physical contact between the electrode and blade, the propeller can rotate freely and respond to low velocity of the surrounding fluid. The propeller is able to rotate freely within a protective shrouded cage.
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The PLC monitors the motors operation and correlates theparameters according to the developed software.
The PLCs are the control devices used in automation systemswith dedicated software so that they are capable of being programmed to performcorresponding control operations and they are widely used in industrial controland can operate at industry environment conditions.
The performance ofthe induction asynchronous motor can be tested in two different modes:
Fed by the inverter and PLC
Or fed by the inverter only.
This Trainer includes see-through operating vessels and selected piping. One vessel has discrete level control, the other analog. The Tank Level Flow Trainer with PLC is a combination of working vessels and pumps, with interconnecting piping that is controlled by a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC).
Function of Tank Level Flow Trainer with PLC
Tank Level Flow Trainer with PLC process trainer pumps water from a storage tank into the first working tank which is fitted with level switches. The second tank has an inner air tank which can be selected to change the response characteristics of the process. Note that with this trainer are a number of student modules for instrumentation training in addition to operator training modules. Two parallel pumps, controlled by the PLC, transfer fluid from the first tank to the second where level is measured by analog instruments. Return flow from the second tank to the storage tank is by gravity and the discharge valve is controlled by the PLC.
The system uses a high-pressure piston-recirculation pump to circulate product through the filter module of choice. The speed of the recirculation pump can be adjusted to suit the particular filtration module and the product. The triple-piston design combined with high-pressure flexibles minimises pressure pulsation. The operator can use their own feed vessel or this can be specified. Accidental system over-pressure is avoided by a bursting disc downstream of the recirculation pump. The retentate back-pressure valve enables pressures up to 50 bar to be achieved.
Features:
Variable retentate flow rate in order to change filtration cross-flow velocity
Retentate electronic flowmeter measurement
Retentate and permeate back pressure valves
Capable of microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and revese osmosis operations
Maximum filtration pressure of 50 bar
Clean-in-place capability
Backpulsing option (suitable for certain modules)
Mass balance option for permeate flow rate measurement
All parameters are data logged
Pressure sensors on the retentate inlet and outlet of the filtration module and on the permeate line.
This test bench is equipped with a complete computer system that expedites the test work and the performing of practical exercises. The Diesel Engine Test Bench system is designed for the study and the understanding of the four stroke gasoline combustion engine.
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Strain gauges are used extensively in sensor systems to detect forces, moments and deformations. Three test specimens for tension, bending and torsion are each fitted with four strain gauge measuring points. The experimental unit provides a wide-ranging introduction to the fundamentals of measurement by strain gauges. The strain gauges are wired in the full bridge. The specimens are loaded incrementally allowing for the strain reading to be sequentially monitored. The specimens can be inserted quickly and precisely into the frame. The digital display also features a zero balancing function to allow for any preloading. The strain gauge measuring range is protected by a Plexiglas cover, which also makes it clearly visible for inspection purposes. The measurement amplifier supplies the bridge supply voltage, and displays the load-dependent "bridge detuning" digitally in voltage values.
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A benchtop unit comprising a vacuum formed ABS plastic plinth with integral electrical console onto which is mounted the stirred glass crystallisation vessel, water heater, water flow meter and heat exchanger.
A conductivity probe measuring solution conductivity.
A cooling action controlled indirectly by the valved flow meter.
Protection devices for all electrical circuits.
A temperature sensor and 2kW water heater mounted in the mains water line and linked to a PID controller for accurate process temperature control.
Set of sieves for Crystal Size Distribution determination.
Comprehensive instruction manual with detailed laboratory teaching exercises.
Two displays: PID temperature control (reactor temperature), display for conductivity.
Sensor signals are routed to the USB interface for connection to a PC.
USB port for data logging by the supplied software.
A versatile hydraulic engine test bed with comprehensive instrumentation. The equipment is fully compatible with Versatile Data Acquisition System. Using this enables accurate real-time data capture, monitoring and display, calculation and charting of all relevant parameters on a computer making tests quick and reliable. When used with one of optional single-cylinder engines, it safely and effectively enables study and demonstrations of the most important features of the engine. In addition, optional ancillaries are available to extend the range of study, demonstrations and investigations even further.
The main components of the test set are:
A bench-mounted instrumentation frame
A heavy fabricated portable bed
The bed sits on a trolley for portability. It includes a robust, precision-machined, trunnion - mounted hydraulic dynamo meter. A significant advantage of using a hydraulic dynamo meter is that no large electrical supplies are required as the engine power is dissipated into the water used to load the dynamo meter.
The electric heater and thermocouples connect to sockets on the Heat Transfer Experiments Base Unit, which also supplies the cold water feed and drain for the heat sink Students turn on the cooling water flow and adjust the heater power until the experiment reaches equilibrium. This experiment has a solid brass disc with an electric heater at its centre and a circular cross section cooling tube around its circumference. At equally spaced radii on the disc, seven thermocouples measure the temperature as the heat conducts radially outwards from the heater. Insulation around the disc reduces heat loss by convection and radiation, so that the results should match the theory for simple radial conduction only. It mounts on a base plate with a clear schematic of the experiment layout.
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Laser shaft alignment systems also avoid problems such as sagging indicators, reading resolution error, and reading parallax error. These components add to the Mechanical Drives 2 Learning System and either the Mechanical Drives 1 Learning System Full Bench or the Mechanical Drives 1 Learning System Short Bench. Laser Shaft Alignment Learning System covers the installation, operation, and applications of laser shaft alignment in a variety of industrial scenarios. Laser shaft alignment is the preferred method of shaft alignment among maintenance and plant engineering personnel due to its superior efficiency and accuracy over older methods like the dial indicator method or the straight edge and feeler gauge method. Learning systems are composed of heavy-duty components that provide learners with real-world equipment they recognize on the job and already understand how to use. The Laser Shaft Alignment Learning System includes a laser alignment system, two measuring units, two shaft v-brackets, two locking chains, and a motor mount horizontal adjustment assembly. These laser alignment principles and components will be used to study topics like rough alignment, laser shaft alignment installation, soft foot correction, and laser shaft alignment operation and analysis.
Features:
Precision machined adjustment base
Hand-held
Reflected laser
Microprocessor based control unit
Reflector and transducer detector
Industrial quality components
Digital readout
Graphical display
Simultaneously measures and indicates corrective action
Student Reference Guide.
The system is universal, industry-based, modular and flexible for further expansion.
Students can learn the entire process of production such as feeding, processing, etc.
Each station simplifies the training of operation and can be expanded sequentially step by step through building complex automated procedure.
The modular production system stations allow varying simulation of real production processes that exist in industry field. With 6-Stations modular production system, mechatronics training includes distributing, testing,processing, handling, assembly and storing stations that can be operated separately or integrally.
The Computerized Multipurpose Distillation Plant can be used to perform a wide range of tests on binary, continuous or batch distillation processes. A data acquisition and analysis system for Personal Computer, makes it possible to perform the measurements in automatic mode, to produce charts of the characteristics curves which can be displayed on screen or printed, to save the experimental data on the disk or print them out. Suitable options make it possible to process azeotropic mixtures, to carry out the distillation under vacuum or in steam current (stripping). Of modular design, the training set is very flexible and easy to use, and can be integrated at a later stage with one or more of the many options available. A manual of exercises completes the supply.
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Simplicity and clearness are the fundamental requirements that permit the teacher and students to operate without having todeal first with complicated utilization procedures. The Air Conditioning And Climatization Study Unit has been developed for insertion in the most advanced educationalsubjects. The flow is pre-heated, then moisturized by steam diffusers it is cooled through the evaporator and sent to the final chamber. The working principle of the apparatus is the following an air flow generated by a centrifugal fan enters a tunnel passingthrough a fluid thread rectifier. Before this last stage it may be re-heated andmoisturized by water diffusers, to experiment on heating environments and to have the opportunity to vary as manyparameters as possible for a complete study on air conditioning. As the air passes through the tunnel it undergoes a series of treatments, until it arrives in thelast chamber, which represents the environment to be conditioned.
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Parshall flumes constructed in GRP, supplied with measuring scales, spirit levels and calibration curves.
Broad crested weir constructed of durable glass reinforced plastic.
Triangular shaped broad crested Crump weir constructed of durable glass reinforced plastic.
Stilling well with depth gauge comprising hook and point gauge.
Thin plate weirs constructed of stainless steel and mounted on a painted weir plate carrier with a simple head scale attached.
WSC flumes constructed in GRP and fitted with depth measuring scale supplied wih calibration curve.
Lightweight portable channel section constructed of corrosion resistant material.
A conductivity meter connected to the outlet of the second ion exchange bed gives a continuous indication of the progress of demineralisation. The apparatus is supplied with typical commercial cation and anion resins.
Union couplings permit the tubes to be removed from the manifolds and interchanged for softening/demineralisation experiments.
Two vertical transparent tubes mounted on a backboard contain the cation and anion resins. A manifold arrangement at the inlet and outlet to the tubes allows the flow configuration to be changed to simulate the cycles involved in the operation of a deioniser.
Regenerant and test or wash solutions contained in separate sumps are selected by a traversing tube and delivered to the apparatus by pump through a control valve and flow meter. Effluent may be fed to a sump tank and treated water collected in bottles for tests on hardness, conductivity or dissolved solids.
The distributor's mainfunction is to route secondary, or high voltage, current from the ignition coilto the spark plugs in the correct firing order, and for the correct amount oftime. A distributor isan enclosed rotating shaft used in spark-ignition internal combustionengines that have mechanically-timed ignition.
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The ATF Changer equipment can be convenient, fast and efficient completing circulation Cleaning and fluid equivalent exchanging for old and new oil.
Features:
The usage of integrated functional pipeline modules ensures reliable operation of equipment
A variety of alarm/ indication information and automatic protection measures prevents damage to Automatic Transmission System.
The electronic valve controls the flow direction, preventing cross contamination of the new and old fluid.
Monitored by electronic load cell and flow censor, to double ensure that replacement precision.
Artistic Shape, easy to move.
Power supply has positive and negative self correcting recognition function, to avoid damage to equipment control unit.
